In cancer therapy, there are three major areas of specialization: medical, surgical, and radiation. A medical oncologist is the most prevalent form of oncologist. This expert treats patients with medication combinations (often referred to as chemotherapy), immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. Surgical oncologists are surgeons who specialize in the removal of tumors and any surrounding cancer-affected tissue. Radiation oncologists utilize radiation treatment to treat tumors that are more localized.

In the days or weeks leading up to your operation, your surgeon may request blood tests, an electrocardiogram, and/or a chest x-ray. In addition, your doctor or nurse practitioner/physician assistant will do a physical exam to determine your baseline health. You may also have a consultation with the anesthesiologist. This is an excellent moment to ask any questions you may have about your procedure.

Every woman is at risk of having gynecologic cancer, and the risk rises with age. This is not to say that all women will acquire one of these malignancies. Although each cancer has its own set of risk factors, there are a few that every woman should be aware of. Risk factors that women may manage and are known to enhance a woman's risk of acquiring gynecologic cancer include:

• Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
• Tobacco usage
• Being overweight or obese
• Eating a diet deficient in nutrients

Thyroid cancer can be diagnosed as a lump (nodule) in the neck, although tumors are frequently discovered by chance, during imaging examinations conducted for other reasons. Thyroid cancer can occasionally produce discomfort, trouble swallowing, or hoarseness.

Colorectal cancer's specific origins are unknown, however the illness appears to be caused by both genetic and lifestyle factors. Cigarette smoking, lack of physical activity, and obesity are all risk factors for getting the condition. Genetic factors may influence a person's susceptibility to the disease, whereas dietary and other lifestyle choices may influence which at-risk individuals get the condition. Most of the time, no clear cause of colorectal cancer is detected in any given individual, and it is merely due to random gentic alterations that have happened in the cells lining the colon or rectum.

Often, no symptoms occur until late in the illness process, at which point stomach discomfort and weight loss appear. Early satiety (feeling full before eating enough), sickness, loss of appetite, and difficulties swallowing may occur (depending on the location of the tumor). If the cancer has spread, symptoms may appear in the location where the disease has spread. Gastrointestinal bleeding occurs in around 20% of patients.

Patients who are diagnosed at an early stage have a better prognosis. There are several ways for detecting liver cancer, including routine imaging investigations (ultrasound, computed tomography scan, magnetic resonance imaging) and routine physical exams with blood testing. Several experts are working to develop a single blood test that will aid in the early detection of liver cancer. Until then, we will continue to be watchful and test using a number of approaches in order to detect this condition as early as feasible.

The most frequent kind of thyroid cancer is papillary thyroid carcinoma (70 percent to 80 percent of thyroid cancers). Follicular thyroid cancer (which accounts for 10% to 15% of all thyroid cancers) is more common in older people than papillary cancer. Medullary thyroid cancer (5% to 10% of thyroid cancers) is more prone to run in families and can be detected by genetic testing. Anaplastic thyroid cancer (less than 2% of thyroid cancers) is the least common but most aggressive type.

Breast cancer therapies have two basic goals: destroying as much cancer as possible and preventing tumors from recurring. Some therapies eliminate or eradicate the illness within the breast and surrounding tissues, such as lymph nodes. Among these therapies are:

Surgery: A mastectomy, which eliminates the entire breast, and a lumpectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, which removes only the tumor and the tissues around it, are two surgical alternatives.

Radiation therapy: This traditional method of tumor destruction employs high-energy radioactive waves that are precisely targeted. The purpose of these therapies is to eliminate or control cancer cells throughout the body. These are some examples:

• Chemotherapy, which involves delivering anti-cancer medications throughout the body in order to destroy cancer cells.
• Hormone treatment, which involves the use of medications to inhibit hormones from stimulating the development of breast cancer cells.
• Targeted treatment, which instructs the body's immune system to eliminate cancer.

There are a variety of reasons that are contributing to the increase in oral cancer. These are listed below:

• Tobacco and Alcohol: Despite one’s gender, using tobacco in any form and heavy consumption of alcohol increases the risk of developing oral cancer.
• Age: Two-thirds of all cases are diagnosed in people age 55 and older. This is most likely due to the cumulative effects of all the risk factors above over an extended period of time.
• Gender: Oral cancer is twice more common in men than women. This may be because men are more likely to use tobacco and alcohol over long periods of time and in larger doses.
• Occupation: Those with outdoor jobs who experience prolonged sun exposure are at greater risk for developing lip cancer.
• Lifestyle: The sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (HPV) puts people at increased risk for cancers of the oropharynx.
• Diet: Some studies have found that people with diets low in fruits and vegetables tend to be at greater risk.
• Betel Quid or Gutka: Chewing these products is also a risk factor for the development oral cancer